Two-Level Rejuvenation for AndroidSmartphones and Its Optimization

Two-Level Rejuvenation for AndroidSmartphones and Its Optimization

The Android operating system (OS) is a sophisticatedman-made system and is the dominant OS in the current smart-phone market. Due to the accumulation of errors in the systeminternal state and the incremental consumption of resources, suchas the Dalvik heap memory of software applications and the physi-cal memory, software aging is observed frequently and recognizedas a chronic problem of Android smartphones. To mitigate thisproblem, we propose a two-level software rejuvenation, with thetwo levels referring to software applications and the OS, in this pa-per. Based on this strategy, a Markov regenerative process model isconstructed to evaluate the steady-state availability and to optimizethe time required to trigger rejuvenation for Android smartphones.The parameters of the model, such as the degradation rate and fail-ure rate of software applications and the Android OS, are obtainedvia our testing platform. Experiments on two real Android applica-tions show that the availability of an Android smartphone increasesby 10.81% and 10.18% for the two subjects in our experiments,respectively. An empirical study comparing our two-level strategywith one-level strategies (single application-level and system-levelrejuvenation) further verifies the effectiveness of our approach.https://codeshoppy.com/php-projects-titles-topics.html

partially alleviated via the LMK mechanism, the mechanism is not sufficiently functional in two aspects. One is that the work-ing of LMK will lead to performance degradation of smart-phones [15], [16]. The other is that it mainly focuses on thesystem-level aging phenomenon and does not concern itselfwith the application-level aging phenomenon nor the correla-tions between the application-level and system-level aging phe-nomena [11], [17]. Thus, the LMK is not well suited for themitigation of two main types of Android aging phenomena. Thefirst one is the performance degradation and crash of an appli-cation due to a memory leak in the application’s Dalvik heap.1The second one is the exhaustion of the system physical mem-ory due to a memory leak in native processes2or a memoryleak in the OS kernel. To mitigate the various aging effects atmultiple levels in Android smartphones, we propose a two-level(i.e., application-level and system-level) rejuvenation strategyin this paper. Application-level rejuvenation is utilized to dealwith the first type of aging, while system-level rejuvenation isapplied to address the second type.In addition, we explore the optimal time needed to triggerrejuvenation for the strategy. Researchers have put much effortinto obtaining the optimal time required to trigger rejuvena-tion, modeling the software aging, and rejuvenation process tomaximize the steady-state availability of software systems. Inprevious studies, several models have been built based on differ-ent stochastic processes, such as the continuous-time Markovchain (CTMC) [18]–[20], semi-Markov process (SMP) [12],and Markov regenerative process (MRGP) [21], [22]. Thesemodels and their optimization techniques have been success-fully applied to various kinds of systems, such as a client-serversystem [23]–[25], the cluster system [26], and the virtualizedsystem [27]. .

However, most of them mainly focus on single-level software aging. Due to the two-level characteristic of theaging phenomenon in Android smartphones, these traditionalstochastic models for single-level rejuvenation cannot be ap-plied directly.In this paper, we build an MRGP availability model, in whichwe take both application-level and system-level aging effectsinto account, for the proposed two-level rejuvenation strategy todescribe the aging and rejuvenation process for Android smart-phones. Based on the model, we obtain a closed-form solutionand derive the steady-state availability as a function of the timeof rejuvenation. The optimal times at which to trigger rejuvena-tion are derived by maximizing the steady-state availability of anAndroid smartphone. Moreover, we verify the proposed modeland its closed-form solution via experiments on two popularAndroid applications, i.e.,ZhiHuandYouKuVideo. We comparethe proposed two-level rejuvenation strategy with three otherstrategies: LMK only, which was originally designed for An-droid smartphones, a single application-level rejuvenation strat-egy, and a single system-level rejuvenation strategy. The resultsshow that compared with all other strategies, the proposed twoevel rejuvenation strategy can greatly improve the steady-stateavailability of a smartphone.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. InSection II, the two-level software rejuvenation strategy is intro-duced. We construct an MRGP model to describe the aging andrejuvenation process for Android smartphones in Section III. InSection IV, the model is analyzed, and we obtain a closed-formsolution for the steady-state availability. In Section V, we presentthe experimental setup. The experimental results are analyzedin Section VI. Threats to validity are presented in Section VII.Related work is described in Section VIII. Finally, Section IXpresents the concluding remarks Code Shoppy

Extension of the Ping ER Project onto Mobile Devices using Android Applications

Extension of the PingER Project onto Mobile Devices using Android Applications

 PingER was developed by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center’s (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory as a tool for Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring (IEPM). It monitors over 700 sites worldwide, and aims to measure the round-trip time, loss jitter etc. for packets travelling between nodes on the internet. The PingER MeasurementAgent can be deployed on servers running Linux, however these servers have limitations. The fixed-line servers currently in use are not mobile and require a continuous power source. The extension of the PingER project to the Android ecosystem brings advantages like greater power efficiency, ease of installation, maintenance, and better affordability to the table. The Android application is planned to supplement the existing PingER Measurement Agent Linux application set up at about 40 locations around the globe.The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory’s (SLAC’s) Internet End-to-End Performance Measurement (IEPM) Group backed by the US Department of Energy aims to provide valuable insights into the performance of the Internet [1] [2]. The current research-implementation targets replicating the entire PingER Measurement Agent (MA) into a portable Android application. This allows Android devices to act as PingER MAs and hence provide internet end-to-end monitoring. The Android app thus acts as a PingER MA, sending out pings to a SLAC-hosted list of beacons every 30 minutes and recording their responses. This data is saved and sent on a daily basis to the PingER archive at SLAC for use in multiple projects. When it was started in 1995, the primary goal of PingER was to "keep tabs on how parts of the network were performing and root out any problems" [3] so as to know how the Internet was performing, identify problems, and apply solutions. Now, it has expanded to something bigger – identify and assess the ‘digital divide’ across different regions of the world from Sub-Saharan Africa to the Middle East, from South America to Central and South Asia [4][5]. This ‘digital divide’ refers to economic and social disparity with regard to access to information and communication technology [6]. The project has various subdivisions such as PingER Deployment, Analysis, Operations, Databases, Validation data and toolbox that further open up multiple avenues like informed decision making. https://codeshoppy.com/android-app-ideas-for-students-college-project.html
BACKGROUND STUDY
 A. Pinger PingER is a Project led by the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and developed by the IEPM group in 1995 [1]. It is short for Ping End-to-end Reporting. The framework for the PingER project is based on the ping utility, that is available on most Internet connected hosts. A ping involves sending an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request to a specified remote/target node which responds with an ICMP echo reply. It is also optional to send a data payload in the request which will be returned in the reply. The round-trip time (RTT) is reported; if multiple pings are dispatched, most implementations provide statistical summaries [7]. PingER uses this data to assess the quality of the internet in various regions, understand performance, and identify problems [8]. For each remote node specified in a configuration file
B. Android Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It runs on a modified version of Linux adapted primarily for touchscreen mobile devices. Android’s source code has been made open source by Google, a member of the Open Handset Alliance. It is used on more than 2 billion active devices worldwide by more than 1 billion users and has a huge community support. Android enables developers to create compelling mobile applications that leverage the modern capabilities a handset has to offer, so as to create richer and more cohesive experiences for users. This was one of the main reasons why Android was the platform of choice for the implementation of this project to create a robust Java-based application.  
C .RegEx A Regular Expression (RegEx) allows a programmer or a user to define how a computer should search for a certain string in lots of text. It helps match, locate, and manage text while utilizing advanced pattern matching

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The porting of the PingER application onto Android-based mobile devices has been a successful project. The targets set for the application such as ease-of-access, maintainable code, scalable architecture, small foot-print and viable scalability have been achieved. This latest iteration of even mp4s. The monitoring service can parse through received text files to see if they are in a pinger-compliant format; and the rest can be flagged or simply discarded. Another possible drawback is that individual hosts cannot be identified to track which file was sent by whom. To overcome that SSH or other authentication can be used, but that again is a trade-off with ease of access. Non-password-based authentication may not feasible because adding and removing public SSH keys onto the keyrings must be done manually or in another secure fashion. Our best bet in that case must develop a proper REST API, and forego the FTP Services and ease-of-access as well. This can thus act as a more centralized model wherein the server lies with SLAC, and every other measuring agent or application in the world sends data to SLAC servers in US. This brings us to our other possible route for future expansion.Code Shoppy

Although these suggested models have a grand vision for execution of SLAC’s PingER Project, they are viable nonetheless. Moving over from legacy code and concepts might actually provide a huge boost to the variety of data being collected for IEPM by SLAC’s PingER Project. Nevertheless, this accomplished implementation is good enough to run in conjunction with the present project so as not to lose any form of functionality; and at the same time not making a trade-off with either functionality or ease-of-access.

  

 

College Activity Management System

 College Activity Management System 

The arrangement and execution of the system is to give profit in establishment. The structure is to give profit far reaching understudy data framework and UI is to supplant the present paper records. Staff exchanges investment, results and establishment notices through a protected, online interface using android contraptions. All data is totally explored and approved on the server already certifiable record change happens. The system prepares for understudy UI, empowering understudies to get to tips and traps as given by their seniors. All data is secured securely on SQL servers managed by the Executive. The system lessens paperwork and time needed to access understudy records. As of now, establishment depended seriously on paper records for this activity which had its own impediments. This structure gives a direct interface to the help of understudy information. It can be used by enlightening associations or schools to maintain the records of understudies easily. Achieving this objective is troublesome using a manual structure as the data are scattered, can be repetitive social event apropos information may be astoundingly dull. Our proposed structure certifications to vanquish these obstacles. The paper bases on indicating information in a basicand justifiable way which gives workplaces like on the web enrollment and profile making of understudies, investment observing, roundabout warnings, result seeing along these lines diminishing written word and automating the record age process in an enlightening association. There is an extending trend for propelled instruction associations to be expected to screen understudy records. This item makes gives insights with respect to the results of research that contemplated the effect of interest on understudyexecution; examined orchestrating understudies about cooperation issues, conferred the results to partners checking admission to a Departmental game plan change, and assessed the approach educational staff should take towards poor investment [1]. It is finished up that a graduated way to deal with result watching is the best in which approve have a put, but just as a last resort. Online Participation and Feedback Framework is modifying made for step by step understudy investment in establishments, colleges and establishments. In case urges to get to the information of a particular understudyin a particular class. It is contemplated that a graduated method to manage result watching is the best response, in which sanctions have a put, albeit just if all else fails. Online Cooperation and Input Framework is modifying delivered for step by step understudy support in establishments, colleges and associations. In the occasion that urges to get to the information of a particular understudy in a particular class. There is another part which is feedback, the understudy can give the feedback at whatever point from wherever to work force. This feedback can be evaluated by the executive or the organization board of the establishment through which the secrecy of the criticism of the work force can be kept up. Thisapplication is created for step by step understudy cooperation in establishments and establishments. It can in like manner be profitable in an affiliation or association at a particular purpose of control not the aggregate application.

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Data Transmission Security in BEM Chairman E-Voting Android Based Application

Data Transmission Security in BEM Chairman E-Voting AndroidBased Application 

Abstract—Voting is a process that should be do in terms of leadership. In case, voting still use conventional methods which are less effective in terms of cost, governance, and working time. The possibility of calculation errors and fraud in the calculation process can also occur. STMIK Atma Luhur still using the conventional voting method in the election of the chairman of BEM. With the development of today’s technology, we can make electronic voting system based on Android to solve the problems of conventional voting.

https://codeshoppy.com/php-projects-titles-topics.html

E-voting security becomes fundamental things that must be considered. RSA cryptographic methods can be a solution to ensure the security. 

RSA choses because it has the advantage of difficulty level in factoring numbers into prime numbers. More difficult factoring the numbers, it will be more difficult to break the encryption. Another advantage is the form of higher security than symmetric algorithm. This algorithm is also resistant to various forms of attack, such as brute force. The security testing are using Wireshark and Eclipse LogCat. The result is the establishment of an e-voting system based on Android that is safe and confidential, so the students can do the voting quickly, whenever and wherever.Keywords—E-Voting; RSA Algorithm; Cryptography; Mobile; Android 

 INTRODUCTION 

Voting is making decision process in terms of leadership. STMIK Atma Luhur today still using conventional election methods that less effective in terms of cost, governance, time, and security. Conventional election method make possible the calculation error and fraud in the calculation process. Today, technology has been growing rapidly, and Android phone usage is also increasing. With these condition, it can be proposed election of BEM chairman using Android mobile phone. There are many benefit of using mobile e-voting like computerized voting counting process so that becomes faster, more precise, and more accurate. The cost of implementing voting can also be reduced. Users are also able to vote anywhere and anytime with their own Android phone. The possibility of fraud and error calculation can also be avoided. Security of e-voting become the fundamental things that must be considered. There are four things that must be considered, namely accurate, democracy, privacy, andverifiability [1]. To fulfill these security aspect, cryptographic methods are needed to keep safe the security of that information. There are several methods of cryptography, one of which is RSA (Rivest-Shamir Adleman). This algorithm is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithms that perform with different encryption and decryption keys. 

This algorithm chosen because it has the form of a higher security than symmetric algorithms. In addition, this method is used for applications requiring fast digital data [2]. This algorithm is also resistant to various forms of attack, especially brute force. Other advantages are the degree of difficulty in factoring numbers into primes [3]. The purpose of this study is to make mobile e-voting system based on Android with RSA algorithm method in data transmission security. II.RELATED WORKResearch by Al-Anie [4] conducted a study that the implementation of e-voting security protocol based on public key cryptosystem encryption. Nawindah [5], his work resulted the implementation of e-voting with MD5 encryption and election results were immediately visible. 

Handoyo [6] conducted a study that resulted the design of e-voting system with a cryptographic hash function without encryption and decryption. Kerem [7] resulted the use of NFC in mobile voting. Stradiotto [8] conducted the election process through the SMS protocol using web 2.0 tools and prototype system that can send voters data to the web service. Wisnu [9] resulted election-app with Hash Algorithm-1 and RSA key pair digital signing security method. Adnan [10] resulted multicore utilization for application of local e-voting purpose.  

RIVEST SHAMIR ADLEMAN (RSA)

The RSA algorithm consist from four steps : key generation, key distribution, encrytion, and decription. RSA have basic principle which are find three very large positive integers e,d, and n with modular exponentiation (m). 

A.Key Generation The RSA algorithm using a public key (e,n) to encrypt the plaintext message.To decrypt the ciphertext, RSA using private key (d,n). The following are formula to compute C which is ciphertextand M which is plaintext. 

B.Key Distribution To distribute public and private key, User A transmit the public key (n, e) to User B via general way, but not the private key. The private key is never distributed. 

C.Encryption To calculate C (ciphertext), we can use formula (1) as shown as below : C = Me mod n(1) α + β = χ. (1) (1) •C is calculation result into ciphertext (encrypted number). •M represent the plaintext that has been converted into ASCII code. •The value of e and n is a public key pair that has been generated through the key generation process. Here are the following RSA encryption flowchart shown as figure 1 : Fig. 1: RSA encryption Flowchart 

D.Decryption To calculate M (plaintext), we can use formula (2) as shown as below : M = Cdmod n (2) •M is calculation result the value that to be returned into plaintext. •C represent of the ciphertext or encrypted message that will be converted into plaintext. •The value of d and n are pairs of private key that have been generated through the key generation process.

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